Tag: rural innovation

Publications

Design: A critical input to rural innovative entrepreneurship

Abstract: Described as a mediation between people and technology, design is critical to innovative entrepreneurship but has been ignored in innovation research. The rigorous study of design has suffered from an inability to differentiate firms that approach design as ad hoc from those approaching design as a structured, creative process. This research uses newly available data from the 2022 Annual Business Survey Design Module categorizing 4 different approaches to design. These data allow us to examine the link between design and innovation with a focus on businesses in nonmetropolitan counties that challenges conventional wisdom that design is overwhelmingly an urban phenomenon.

A news release describing the key findings and their implications is available here.

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Strategic design approach boosts rural innovation, researchers find

Businesses that take a strategic approach to design are up to eight times more likely to develop innovative products than those that don’t, according to a study by NERCRD researchers.

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Rural manufacturing exports linked to innovation

While rural areas are more dependent on manufacturing than their urban peers, they are less likely to participate in global markets. NERCRD researchers have identified several factors that explain why, with differences in innovation capacity playing the most significant role.

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Publications

Explaining the Urban-Rural Export Gap: Evidence from U.S. Firms

Abstract: The U.S. urban-rural export gap is important given the share of manufactured goods in exports, the rural concentration of manufacturing activity, and recent federal investments in place-based policy. These investments raise questions about the size of the export gap and whether it is explained by differences in endowments or inherent rural disadvantages. Confidential trade data linked with business survey data alongside county-level variables allow an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of the export gapUrban factors compensate for a less trade favorable industry mix, including the advantages of urban scale in export performance which may be insurmountable for rural areas.

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Publications

Did the U.S. Fracking Boom Shale-Shock Regional Patenting?

The shale boom of the early 21st century turned the U.S. into an energy powerhouse and significantly disrupted local economies with shale resources. This study examines the impacts of the U.S. shale boom on regional patenting at a commuting zone level. The shale boom may negatively affect patents if it crowds out labor and capital investments in other non-energy industries. Our findings show that a one standard deviation increase in non-vertical well density decreases patent intensity by 3.74% of the mean. Areas with higher drilling densities have lower levels of patented innovation compared to their counterfactuals. This paper contributes to the existing literature related to the “natural resource curse.” We provide new evidence based on regional patenting, which is an important indicator for regional innovation and long-term economic growth.

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Publications

Innovation in Rural Firms

Innovation lies at the heart of most entrepreneurial activity, and the goal of NERCRD’s work in this area is to deepen the understanding of whether and how entrepreneurial innovation can mitigate the growing economic threats facing rural U.S. workers and communities. Through a USDA NIFA-funded project, which ran from May 2018 through April 2023, the research team used a newly available dataset that, for the first time, allowed for in-depth research to examine the roles of different types of innovation in the success of rural businesses. Learn more in this NERCRD Digest.

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Leveraging Federal Data Collections for Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Place-Based Innovation with Small Area Innovation Rate Estimation

Place-based innovation—the policy interest in developing the local endowments, institutions, and interactions required of dynamic innovation ecosystems—places new demands on data that federal collections were never designed to satisfy. To date, local measures of innovation incidence have relied on patent data that is available at the county level. However, patents are a weak innovation indicator as not all innovations are patentable; firms may prefer other means of intellectual property protection even for patentable inventions; and distinctions between product, process, and business practice innovation are usually unavailable. Innovation data collected in the Annual Business Survey (ABS) address all these weaknesses but are too sparse to provide accurate estimates of innovation incidence for all but the largest metropolitan areas. This project will investigate the feasibility of using the much larger Economic Census (EC) that contains no innovation data to substantially increase the number of firms in a small area to produce more accurate innovation rate estimates. This is done by predicting innovation behavior of firms in the EC from variables that are also included in the ABS, using a technique called small area estimation. This method “borrows strength” from a much larger general dataset (EC) to enhance the predictive power of a smaller, more detailed dataset (ABS). It is regularly used to produce local estimates of phenomena of policy interest that would be prohibitively expensive to collect, such as disease incidence or childhood poverty rates. This project is the first time these techniques have been applied to innovation data.

The goal of this project is to generate the Small Area Innovation Rate Estimation (SAIRE). Preliminary analysis using the ABS has found that commonly used control variables such as industry sector, firm size category, or state where the firm is located are predictive of innovation behavior and would be an improvement over naïve local area estimates. The project will investigate possible increases in efficiency by replacing the fixed effects used in the preliminary analysis with random effects in a generative Bayesian multilevel model. In addition to expected increases in efficiency from aspatial pooling provided by a random effects specification, estimation of innovation phenomena may be improved by modeling spatial dependence across proximate small areas. More precise innovation rate estimates may be possible by adding other firm or local characteristics into the predictive model such as cloud computing or local human capital endowments. The two major methodological challenges presented by the research are 1) incorporating complex sample design in the small area estimation as the probability of selection and innovation may be dependent on the same variables such as firm size; and 2) assessing the extent to which firm-level variables in ABS are predictive of establishment-level innovation in EC for multi-unit firms. Accurate meso-level measures of SAIRE would inform the targeting and evaluation of place-based innovation initiatives such as the Regional Innovation Engines program as well as addressing questions such as the role of innovation in reallocation growth that cannot be analyzed using current microdata.

The lead investigator for this project is Zheng Tian, assistant research professor at Penn State and NERCRD. Timothy Wojan, an ORISE Established Scientist Fellow at the NSF’s National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, and NERCRD Director Stephan Goetz are co-investigators.

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Researchers earn NSF grant to measure local innovation activity

A team of researchers — including NERCRD’s Zheng Tian and Stephan Goetz, and their collaborator Timothy Wojan, an Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) fellow — were awarded a two-year, $300,000 grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) to develop a new method for accurately measuring innovation activity in small geographic regions.

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US companies’ global market reach linked to cloud computing use

U.S. firms that use cloud computing services are more likely to export their products and services, according to a new study by researchers at NERCRD and U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). The team said the findings were stronger for firms located outside of large cities and demonstrate the need for expanded availability of the high-speed internet required for cloud computing to support economic development.

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NERCRD innovation research featured on Farms.com

A study by researchers at NERCRD and the U.S. National Science Foundation was featured on Farms.com on April 2nd. The article highlights a paper published in Economics Letters that found that U.S. firms actively engaged in creating innovative products or processes are more likely to expand into international markets. Click to read the full article.

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