A collection of all publications authored or co-authored by Center staff and/or partners. This collection is a work in progress—if you don’t find a publication you’re looking for, please search for it, or email us at nercrd@psu.edu.
The literature on women in agricultural production in developing countries is vast. While female farmers in the United States have recently received more attention, their general characteristics and practices pursued have not received as much consideration by agricultural economists. Here we examine U.S. female farmers’ characteristics and factors associated with county level female farm shares using Census data. We find that these shares are higher near metropolitan core counties and that their presence is associated with agritourism activity as well as horticultural and small livestock production. We conclude with several policy questions and future research needed to assess the roles and impacts of female farm operators in the U.S.
Authors: Claudia Schmidt, Stephan J. Goetz, Zheng Tian
Publication: Science DirectDate Published: May 1, 2021
Intergenerational Friends Fairs (IFF) are fun, family-oriented, daylong events that engage community residents in a wide range of intergenerational activities, spanning the realms of art, storytelling, music, dance, and play. At the same time, these events provide local groups and organizations that conduct intergenerational programs with an additional platform for connecting with the public, establishing new partnerships, and garnering increased support for their programs.
The IFF model was first developed and piloted in June 2019, when Penn State University’s Intergenerational Leadership Institute (ILI) partnered with the State College Friends School to host the inaugural Intergenerational Friends Fair in State College, PA. The event featured interactive exhibits and activities planned by local organizations working to expand opportunities for intergenerational learning and living throughout the community. (See Acknowledgements to learn more about the ILL and the State College Friends School.)
In the following sections, we not only describe what takes place at one of the IFF events, but also the community organizing efforts occurring before and after the event. This is the key to increasing the potential for this approach to have a wider community impact, beyond providing event participants with a memorable single-day experience. IFF events are not only about “friends” and “fun; they also help to build community.
There are three stages to the Intergenerational Friends Fair model:
Event planning: 2-4 months
The event itself: 1 day
Post-event organizing and evaluation: 1 month
Intergenerational Friends Fair Objectives
Create a fun, family-oriented, community-connecting experience for local residents.
Provide participants with a better sense of how people across generations and cultures live and learn.
Expose participants to the intergenerational work being conducted and championed by local groups and organizations.
Create new opportunities for intergenerational communication, understanding and civic engagement in the local community.
Event Planning
Step 1: Organize an event coordination team
Planning a successful event will require the involvement of many people, particularly those who work with children, youth, and older adults, and have some experience running intergenerational programs. The first step is to establish an event coordination team. Members of this group will be responsible for recruiting participants, exhibitors, and presenters; publicizing the event; and coordinating and facilitating activities on the day of the event.
In pulling together an event planning team, reach out to a broad array of community professionals and volunteers who either run or otherwise support or promote intergenerational programs. Here are some examples of places to contact:
RSVP (Retired Senior Volunteer Program) and other senior volunteer organizations
Public and private schools
Organizations that provide services for older adults, including senior centers, AARP chapters, retiree organizations, lifelong learning organizations, retirement communities and senior housing facilities, and
Department of Parks and Recreation
Civic organizations such as block associations, local history groups, etc.
Environmental education centers
Youth organizations such as 4-H, YMCA/YWCA, and Big Brothers/Big Sisters
Family service/resource organizations and networks
Cooperative Extension offices
College/university-based service-learning clubs
Local libraries
Local development organizations
Cultural and arts institutions (museums, performing arts groups, botanical gardens, etc.)
Step 2: Determine event location and date
Location: The event should be held at an accessible park or in a large, spacious, indoor facility. Also, make sure to choose a location which provides some flexibility with regard to how the event space can be set up.
To accommodate and position each of the planned activity hubs, consider the following:
At the entry point to the Fair space:
Make sure that attendees can gain information about each of the exhibits and activities, their location, and, if needed, schedule of special events. Consider putting up a large map and/or distributing map handouts as a visual aid for attendees as they flow through the event space.
Set up a table with information about local programs, services, and resources that have an intergenerational component.
If taking photographs at the event (e.g., for publicity purpose), encourage attendees to sign photo permission forms upon entry.
For activities that require minimal distraction or disruption, position them in spaces that provide some sound and visual privacy. Make sure that upon entry, visitors can access a sign-up sheet for all activities. Include some sort of program note or color coding system to identify those activities that work best with no mid-activity entrants (for example, a session to prepare an intergenerational song, dance, or theatrical performance at the events closing ceremony).
Offer exhibitors the option of a site visit and set-up time on the previous day.
Choose a date:
that will give the event coordination team plenty of planning time
without too many major community events or happenings taking place
that allows those who work during the week to attend (like a Saturday morning).
Step 3: Recruit exhibitors and presenters and provide activity planning and set-up assistance
To identify local intergenerational program planners and practitioners to take part in the Fair, either as an exhibitors or presenters, begin by drawing upon the contacts and networks of members of the event coordination team (see Step #1 above). Other outreach efforts might include postings on local bulletin boards, notices in community organization newsletters, and presentations at meetings of community organizations.
As exhibitors and presenters are recruited, work with them to incorporate interactive components into their exhibit/activity stations so that Fair participants will get a chance to experience rather than just learn about the joys of intergenerational engagement.
That intergenerational XengagementX could take various forms. It might entail intensive discussion about issues of mutual interest, working on an arts and crafts project, a dance routine, yoga, a joint service project or some other medium of interaction and cooperation.
Keep in mind that one of the objectives of the IFF is to expose participants to intergenerational programs run by local groups and organizations. This way, the Fair can serve as a conduit for future intergenerational connections in the community. In addition to designing engaging, interactive activities for the Fair, local intergenerational practitioners should be encouraged to develop and distribute materials to pique resident interest and participation in their ongoing programs in the community.
Step 4: Publicize the Event
Use a variety of marketing tools to help cast a wide net to promote the event among the community’s younger and older populations. This includes distributing a press release to local media outlets, putting flyers and post cards up around town as well as online, and promoting the event via social media.
Calling the event an “Intergenerational Friends Fair” has the upside of conjuring up images of social mingling and family friendly activities. However, it doesn’t quite capture the community building significance of the event. This can be rectified in how the event is presented to the public.
For instance, in the event promotion materials, include “tag lines” such as:
Promoting an intergenerational way of living and learning.
We are better together.
Help make this a community for all ages.
In the press release for the event, select quotes can be obtained from event organizers and exhibitors to help generate community interest and excitement as well as a sense that this is a unique event. Here are some examples of such quotes used to promote the 2019 Fair in State College:
“By now, most people have heard the saying, ‘It takes a village to raise a child.’ Well, the Intergenerational Friends Fair will be all about ‘strengthening the intergenerational village.'”
“This event is a multimedia celebration of the bonds of caring and community that connect and enrich the lives of all generations.”
“Discover the treasure trove of history, expertise and creativity among older adults in our community…They have so much to offer, especially to young children, teens and young families.”
The Event
Fair organizers should aspire to create a wide range of intergenerational engagement opportunities. As an example, consider the breadth of interactive exhibits and activities created by local groups and organizations taking part in the State College, PA Fair in 2019. Glimpses of the planning process, event set-up, and activities in action can be viewed on the events video highlights reel.]
Games
Minute to Win It games (Grandfamilies Support GroupCentre County, PA)
Stump Your Relative game (Penn State Intergenerational Program)
Making and playing with button-string yoyos (Pasto Agricultural Museum)
Arts & Culture
Fiber arts:
Weaving bracelets (in the Ghanaian tradition) and displays of Kente Cloth and West African and American quilts (Weaving Wisdom, ILIState College, PA chapter)
Rope Walk: Winding fiber into jump ropes (Pasto Agricultural Museum)
Crafts, stories and international/ fair trade/ artisans exhibit (Ten Thousand Villages, State College, PA)
Theatre arts: Try Your Hand at Improv (Happy Valley Improv)
Sculpting with clay: The Turtle Way (Julian Woods/ School of Living)
Woodworking: Making kazoos out of wood (Doing Good With Wood)
Music and Dance:
Ecstatic Dance (Jonathan Bojan)
Drum Circle (Matt Price Enterprises)
Musical kazoo Jam-fest Closing ceremony (Eric Ian Farmer)
Health and Wellness
Intergenerational mindfulness and movement workshop (Juniper Village at Brookline)
Intergenerational obstacle course (Big Brothers/ Big Sisters Centre County Youth Service Bureau)
Yoga workshop (Jonathan Bojan)
Sparking family conversations about health (Penn State College of Nursing Center for Geriatric Nursing Excellence)
Literacy
Intergenerational Pen Pal program (RSVP Centre County)
Adult education and family literacy local programs and resources (Family Pathways, Goodling Institute for Research in Family Literacy)
Other
Intergenerational [polaroid] photo booths and reflective wall (ILI)
Volunteer matchmaking: Find your intergenerational volunteering niche (Volunteer Centre County)
Considerations when planning activities
Where possible, structure activities and events so that participants of different generations can communicate, cooperate, and learn from and with one another.
One example is an obstacle course, with a younger and older person paired for the grape race, kind of like an egg race, only using grapes instead.
Another example is a Drum Circle structured so that all participants get a chance to lead the group. This was the case for the one conducted at the State College, PA Fair. During a debriefing meeting following the event, a member of the planning team shared the following: “There was a collaborative mood, especially after [ ] got up to dance and others joined him. People gathered around the drum circle also took care of the children who were there. It was so powerful. Everybody made music together and everyone cared for one another. I think this type of activity is not very common but I think this is how life should be.”
For the closing/culminating activity: Should be high energy and have a group bonding element to it. Activities such as singing and dancing work well. The culminating activity for the State College, PA event was an intergenerational kazoo jam-fest led by a well-known local musician (Eric Ian Farmer).
Plan to have food at the event: Consider options for family-oriented, food-related activities such as hands-on cooking and nutrition education activities. Provide several options for snacks and meals at the event, such as a food truck near the entrance point.
Make it more than a fun fair: Remember that the Fair is meant to be more than a family-oriented fun event. It is also about building a cohesive community that welcomes and engages people of all ages. It is meant to be a starting point, a meeting place to increase community awareness, interest and involvement in local intergenerational programs and activities. Accordingly, event organizers need to be proactive in conveying community-building oriented messaging when lining up local media coverage of the event. Also, where possible, facilitate conversations among event planners, exhibitors and participants about possibilities for follow-up events and other intergenerational initiatives in the community.
Evaluating the Fair
Here are some strategies for assessing the planning process of an Intergenerational Fun Fair as well as its impact on event participants and the groups and organizations that help plan and run the event.
Before the event
Document all outreach efforts aimed at expanding the circle of event planners and presenters.
Keep minutes of event planning sessions.
Keep a record of responses to event publicity efforts (e.g., statements of interest from individuals, organizations, and members of the media).
During the event
Photo- and video-documentation: Consider asking a few members of the planning team to take photographs during the event, with special attention to scenes that capture the intergenerational dynamic
at the various exhibits and activity stations. If funds are available, hire a videographer and video editor to provide additional data on the communication dynamics among participating family members and between event participants and exhibitors/presenters throughout the event.
Junior journalists: At the State College, PA Fair, three high school-aged junior journalists who attended the event were enlisted to conduct short spot-interviews with Fair attendees. This service learning project provided the Fair planning team with additional feedback and perspectives with regard to how attendees viewed the Fair as a whole and the extent to which they were engaged at the activity stations.
After the event
Debriefing session: Shortly following the event, schedule a debriefing meeting with event planners, exhibitors, and activity facilitators. This is an ideal time to gain information on how the overall event and activity stations functioned, ways in which Fair attendees were engaged, how they benefited, unanticipated challenges that were encountered, and ways to improve the event the next time it is run. Debriefing sessions could also be formulated to obtain recommendations for follow-up intergenerational programs and activities in the community (see sidebar).
In writing up the results from the Fair
Outcomes from an Intergenerational Friends Fair event could be framed along the following three dimensions of impact:
Impact on Fair organizers, exhibitors, and activity facilitators (e.g., new knowledge, skills, or behaviors related to their intergenerational endeavors).
Impact on Fair visitors/participants (e.g., influence on intergenerational communication within families, increased awareness, and plans to take part in, local intergenerational and other community engagement activities, etc.).
Broader impact on the community (e.g., new programs, civic engagement opportunities, modified public spaces to accommodate intergenerational gatherings and activities, etc.).
Debriefing Prompts
Here are some questions to stimulate reflection and discussion about impact on the individuals/groups/organizations that helped plan and conduct the Fair:
Did you learn anything from Fair attendees: (a) to help you better understand local needs, assets, or initiatives? (b) that might be useful in informing your future efforts to develop new or revised intergenerational programs and activities? If yes, please describe.
Did you make any new (or renewed) contacts (either with fellow Fair planners and exhibitors, or with Fair attendees) that might: (a) yield new opportunities for: collaborating with other groups or organizations? (b) strengthen or extend your intergenerational program(s) or plans? If yes, please describe. Please describe any actions since the Fair that you might have taken to expand or otherwise modify your current intergenerational programs and activities.
Last Word
It is our hope that this how-to curriculum and the six-minute complementary resource/ companion video of highlights from the State College, PA Fair will provide readers with the information they need for planning and conducting Intergenerational Friends Fairs that match the needs, assets and interests of their own communities.
If you have any questions about the Intergenerational Friends Fair model, email Matt Kaplan.
Appendix
Tentative Budget Considerations
Tentative Budget (for starters):
Resources and materials for the exhibits (budgeted at $25-$50 per exhibit or activity)
Graphic arts/printing: for signage (including outdoor banners), event brochure, flyers, etc.
Video production: a communications team that can handle all videography and editing tasks, and rental equipment (if needed).
Equipment rental/set-up for outdoor stage/stage area, with sound system (for music/dance/performances), tent or awning (if needed to protect from rain or sun)
Refreshments: for pre-event meeting/set-up session with event exhibitors and presenters, and for the event itself
Stipends for workshop developers/presenters and student assistants to help with event planning, publicity, set-up, running activities, and post-event follow-up.
Publicity: ads in local media.
Acknowledgements
Fair Coordinators:
Matt Kaplan, Professor, Intergenerational Programs and Aging, and Director of the ILI (Intergenerational Leadership Institute) at Penn State University
Lori Pacchioli, Director of advancement for State College Friends School
Sponsors and supporters:
Intergenerational Leadership Institute (Penn State University), State College Friends School, Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development, Foxdale Village Retirement Community
Videography: Darcy Long, Videographer and video editor
Facilitator’s Guide production: Kristen Devlin (layout), Kyle Peck (editing)
The ILI is a certificate training program offered by Penn State University for older adults (55+) wishing to develop or expand intergenerational programs in their areas of interest. The ILI is co-sponsored by: the Centre County Office of Aging, OLLI (Osher Lifelong Learning Institute), Penn State Extension – Centre County, Penn State Center for Healthy Aging, the Penn State Office of Multicultural Affairs (College of Agricultural Sciences), and the Center for the Performing Arts at Penn State.
The State College Friends School is an independent pre-K through 8th grade school offering vigorous academics in a nurturing environment, where the Quaker testimonies of simplicity, peace, integrity, community, equality and stewardship are the foundation of curriculum and culture of the school.
This Facilitators Guide is part of the multi-media curriculum publication, which can be referenced as: Kaplan, M., Pacchioli, L., & Long, D. (2020). The Intergenerational Friends Fair: A strategy for deepening a communitys intergenerational footprint. Multimedia curriculum. Video footage is available online. University Park, PA: Penn State Intergenerational Program, Penn State University.
Authors: Matt Kaplan, Lori Pacchioli
Publication: Published by NERCRDDate Published: April 9, 2021
The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching impacts on most sectors of the U.S. economy, and these impacts have been uneven across rural and urban areas. On the one hand, rural areas were already lagging behind urban areas in many sectors before the pandemic (Ajilore and Willingham, 2019; U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2018), including in terms of educational attainment, access to health care and broadband, and general economic progress (e.g., Dobis et al. 2020; Goetz, Partridge, and Stephens, 2018). On the other hand, lower rural population density and greater reliance on personal as opposed to public transportation likely reduced the rural populations’ exposure to the virus (Goetz et al., 2020). This special theme issue of Choices was commissioned by the Council on Food, Agriculture and Resource Economics (C-FARE) to examine how COVID-19 affected rural areas and prepared in collaboration with the Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development on behalf of the Regional Rural Development Centers (RRDCs).
Authors: Stephan J. Goetz, Jane Kolodinsky
Publication: Choices MagazineDate Published: April 1, 2021
Policies incentivizing store entry or store improvements are aimed at increasing access to healthy foods; however, findings about their effectiveness to improve diets are mixed. Similarly, little is known about whether food stores’ presence affects consumers’ perceived barriers to purchasing healthy foods, which reflect the subjective hardships experienced by shoppers to purchase and consume healthier foods. In this study, we assess the relationship between the two most widely studied perceived barriers to purchasing healthy foods (price and availability) and the local retail food environment using individual-level survey data collected across the northeastern US and census data on the numbers of grocery stores and warehouse clubs and supercenters. Our results indicate that unobserved heterogeneity plays an important role in determining the sign and magnitude of the relationship between store presence and perceptions. The likelihood that an individual cites price or availability as a perceived barrier depends upon the barrier considered, whether respondents live in the zip code where they shop, and the method of controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. Thus, policies focusing on improving access to a given store type may only mitigate some of the negative perceptions associated with one’s food environment.
Authors: Lauren Chenarides, Alessandro Bonanno, Anne Palmer
Publication: Applied Economics Perspective and PolicyDate Published: October 12, 2020
The U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service’s Food Expenditures by Outlet data provide insight as to why the lockdowns related to COVID-19 have been so devastating for U.S. farmers.
Authors: Stephan J. Goetz, Claudia Schmidt, Lisa Chase, Jane Kolodinsky
Publication: Journal of Food Systems, Agriculture, and Community DevelopmentDate Published: May 21, 2020
A network analysis can quantify the depth and breadth of a farmer’s relationships with other local farmers, buyers and sellers, or other groups and organizations. Such an analysis can potentially also reveal farmers’ incentives, situations, and behaviors, and it may explain their economic success more generally. This study examines small and minority farmers’ networks using a primary survey in three farming communities. We emphasize networks related to production, marketing, and resource-sharing activities of 127 farmers (nodes) in Tennessee, 46 in Maryland, and 23 in Delaware, and compute three different measures of network importance or “centrality” for each farmer. We then use generalized least squares analysis relating farmer’s age, gender, race, educational attainment, labor use on the farm, and farm location to the farmer’s centrality position or importance in the network, defined by number and strength of links or connections. In additional regression analyses, we find significantly positive effects of the centrality position on farm sales of specialty crops: our model predicts that a farmer who adds one additional link or connection can expect a 19% to 25% increase in sales, all else equal. Our results can potentially be used not only to disseminate information more efficiently, but also to identify farmers who would benefit the most from more targeted extension services.
Authors: Aditya R. Khanal, Fisseha Tegegne, Stephan J. Goetz, Lan Li, Yicheol Han, Stephan Tubene, Andy Wetherill
Publication: Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community DevelopmentDate Published: April 17, 2020
Literature shows that religiosity can provide individual resilience to life shocks as well as regional resilience to disasters caused by natural hazards. Related work has examined the complicated links between religion and economic growth. Yet few, if any, studies examine the role of regional levels of religiosity on a region’s resilience to recession—or how quickly the employment rate returns to pre-recession levels (a common measure of resilience in the economics literature). As the recovery period of the Great Recession cools and economists warn of future economic downturns, all known variables that may be linked with regional resilience are worthy of exploration. Using survey results from the Gosling-Potter Internet Project and General Social Surveys, we applied logarithmic functions to pre- and post-Great Recession employment data for 2,836 U.S. counties. We found a modest and statistically significant association between religious belief and regional resilience to recession. Religiosity was the strongest of sixteen psychosocial variables that we examined in association with the speed of job recovery; despite having negative links with other economic variables. This has particular salience for more rural economies; policy implications are discussed.
Authors: Raphael E. Cuomo, Daniel B. Davis, Stephan J. Goetz, Josh D. Shapiro, Mary L. Walshok
Publication: Risk, Hazards, and Crisis in Public PolicyDate Published: March 23, 2020
Since 1980, average life expectancy in the United States has increased by roughly five years; however, in recent years it has been declining. At the same time, spatial variation in life expectancy has been growing. To explore reasons for this trend, some researchers have focused on morbidity factors, while others have focused on how mortality trends differ by personal characteristics. However, the effect community characteristics may play in expanding the spatial heterogeneity has not yet been fully explored. Using a spatial Durbin error model, we explore how community and demographic factors influence county-level life expectancy in 2014, controlling for life expectancy in 1980 and migration over time, and analyzing men and women separately. We find that community characteristics are important in determining life expectancy and that there may be a role for policy makers in addressing factors that are associated with lower life expectancy in some regions.
Authors: Elizabeth A. Dobis, Heather M. Stephens, Mark Skidmore, Stephan J. Goetz
Publication: Social Science & MedicineDate Published: February 1, 2020
Hop production has expanded dramatically in recent years along with the number of local craft breweries, but to date the relationship between these two phenomena has not been explored systematically. Using a state-level pooled count data model with observations from 2007, 2012, and 2017, we examine the independent lagged effects of breweries on the number of hop farms and acres grown, holding constant fixed effects and key economic and geographic factors. Our results confirm that the number of breweries is associated with more hop production (farms and acres) five years later, while warmer temperatures and higher land prices discourage it. (JEL Classifications: L66, Q11, R30)
Authors: Elizabeth A Dobis, Neil Reid, Claudia Schmidt, Stephan J Goetz
Publication: Journal of Wine EconomicsDate Published: October 22, 2019
